Gunston Hall

From archaeology to artistic representations, Mason students help reveal the stories of the enslaved at Gunston Hall

Mariam Aburdeineh — Wed, 15 Feb 2023 21:55:27 +0000

From archaeology to artistic representations, Mason students help reveal the stories of the enslaved at Gunston Hall Mariam Aburdeineh Wed, 02/15/2023 - 16:55

In writing the Virginia Declaration of Rights, U.S. Founding Father George Mason IV took a stand for individual rights. His ardent defense would later inform the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution’s Bill of Rights—documents critical for securing liberties.

But a challenging irony rests in Mason’s words versus his actions.

“There’s this rather profound discomfort for us in reading about George Mason saying, we don’t want to be slaves to the British government, when he’s enslaving other people,” said Rebecca Martin, director of education and guest experiences at Gunston Hall, the historic home of George Mason IV.

Mason called slavery a slow poison that contaminates the country, Martin said, yet he kept hundreds of people in bondage.

The Enslaved People of George Mason Memorial on the Fairfax Campus. Photo by Evan Cantwell.

Exploring a Complicated History

The complex history of ��AV’s namesake is something the institution has explored for some time.

In 2016, Mason students, mentored by faculty, explored the little-known slave-holding legacy of the university’s namesake, which led to the creation of the Enslaved People of George Mason Memorial on the Fairfax Campus.

Artifacts found in the pit of a slave dwelling at Gunston Hall, including a bottle seal with George Mason's initials and the date "1760," a cowrie shell from the Caribbean, and pieces of petrified wood. Photo by Mariam Aburdeineh.

A group of students also supported Gunston Hall in eventually finding the dwellings of the enslaved when they dug square pits at 20-foot intervals to the east of the mansion in 2000, said Gunston Hall archaeologist David Shonyo. In 2013, when Shonyo was trying to find these dwellings, he dug farther down at a spot the students recorded as having darker soil, charcoal and artifacts.

“Thanks to the careful record keeping of students years before, I was able to almost immediately find what we now call the East Yard Quarter,” Shonyo said. “I found what turned out to be a pit dug into the floor of a slave dwelling that had been used as a receptacle for household refuse.”

Bringing Their Stories to Life

Bringing narratives of the enslaved people to the forefront is ongoing. Last year, senior painting major Katherine Ashby was commissioned to create life-size portraits of George Mason IV and other people who lived at Gunston Hall, including some of the people held in slavery there.

“One of the challenges of working in a historic house museum is helping visitors to understand that spaces which today seem quiet and pristine were once bustling and full of life,” said Kate Steir, curator at Gunston Hall. “Katherine’s illustrations help to do that very important work.”

“I’ve had visitors tell me that [Ashby’s] figures draw them into the spaces and help visual learners who previously struggled to imagine the full range of people who lived and worked at Gunston Hall in the 18th century,” Steir said.

Mason student Katherine Ashby was commissioned to create life-sized portraits of those who lived at Gunston Hall. Photo by Cristian Torres.

The excavated artifacts and Ashby’s portraits will help bring a fuller narrative of Gunston Hall to life, and support Gunston Hall’s East Yard Project, which will include recreating the quarters where the enslaved lived.

“It’s essential to tell the true, honest and full history of Gunston Hall and the people that were here, and to provide humanity and respect to the enslaved,” said Scott Stroh, executive director of Gunston Hall. “In rebuilding [the quarters], we’ll create some structures we know would have been located here and for the first time really create a tangible presence.”

Stroh said The East Yard project, which will begin in March 2023, will include more archaeology, as well as scholarship to expand knowledge of the enslaved community.

A rendering of the East Yard Project. Courtesy of Gunston Hall.

For Black History Month, we went to Gunston Hall to learn not only about the Mason family, but some of the stories of the enslaved:

Penny, from the Enslaved People of George Mason Memorial. Photo by Evan Cantwell.

Penny

“Penny was a young girl when she came to Gunston Hall. She was enslaved in Maryland at Ann Mason [George Mason IV’s first wife]’s childhood home plantation. Anne Mason’s father essentially gave her as a gift to his granddaughter [Nancy Mason], who was about 10 years old. We believe Penny was about 10 when she was forced to leave her family and come here to have her life and her fate controlled by another 10-year-old girl.

“She lived with Nancy Mason, the oldest daughter, for the rest of her life. She never married. She traveled with Nancy. When Nancy did marry, she did the work of a lady’s maid.” —Kate Steir

Dick

“Dick was enslaved in the house and was in liveried uniform, waiting on people and doing various tasks. We do know that he was present for a lot of conversations between people like George Mason and George Washington, and George Mason and James Madison. They were talking about freedom and the revolution. We also know that during this process, the British government offered freedom to anyone who was enslaved who ran away and fought for them.

“Even if people who were enslaved weren’t able to formally vote, they had a sense of their own politics and a sense of ways they could participate, either through physically moving themselves or choosing to stay.” —Kate Steir

Nell

“Nell was enslaved by the Masons and was trained as a midwife. These specialized skills allowed her to help other women and to earn money. Nell tended to enslaved women when they gave birth. She even traveled to neighboring plantations to help. But babies weren’t born every day. At other times, she likely cared for the Mason children.” —Courtesy of Gunston Hall

James, from the Enslaved People of George Mason Memorial. Photo by Evan Cantwell.

James

“James was a man of mixed race held in slavery by the Masons. He served as George Mason’s manservant or valet, and was likely on duty around the clock. James’s work likely kept him in the mansion most of the week and away from his family. He was probably required to accompany George on his long trips away from Gunston Hall.” —Courtesy of Gunston Hall

Poll

“Poll spent her entire life in slavery at Gunston Hall. She had at least one child. His name was Henry. We know that Poll worked in the mansion because George Mason described her as ‘House Poll.’” —Courtesy of Gunston Hall

Joe

“Joe, an enslaved man, may have worked in the house, the kitchen yard, and the garden, moving from one space to another as he was needed. Perhaps his tasks included delivering firewood to the mansion’s grand rooms, weeding and watering in the garden, and transferring vegetables from the garden to the kitchen.” —Courtesy of Gunston Hall

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Gunston Hall

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Enslaved People of George Mason Memorial

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Art student Katherine Ashby brings to life the stories of the enslaved at Gunston Hall

Mariam Aburdeineh — Wed, 15 Feb 2023 19:16:23 +0000

Art student Katherine Ashby brings to life the stories of the enslaved at Gunston Hall Mariam Aburdeineh Wed, 02/15/2023 - 14:16

The first time Katherine Ashby saw her artwork installed at Gunston Hall, the historic home of U.S. Founding Father George Mason IV, it was surreal.

“I had never done something that felt that important or that had been installed physically,” the senior painting major from ��AV said. “Usually, my work is put online digitally, so it was really a big moment.”

Mason student Katherine Ashby was commissioned to create life-sized portraits of those who lived at Gunston Hall. Shown in the background here is one of Ashby's depictions of an enslaved woman working in the mansion. Photo by Cristian Torres / Office of University Branding.

Painting a Critical Narrative

The significance of Ashby’s art was both that it was installed in a museum and that it shone a light on a lesser-known narrative of the people who helped run Gunston Hall: the hundreds of people Mason enslaved to run his estate.

“Art speaks not just to the emotions, but to the mind of the viewer,” Ashby said. “What we’re trying to communicate with this installation was that it was pretty much impossible for anything to really occur without the help of all these enslaved people.”

In November 2022, Ashby was commissioned to create life-size portraits of George Mason IV and other people who lived at Gunston Hall, including some of the people held in slavery there.

Ashby's depiction of George Mason IV at Gunston Hall. Photo by Mariam Aburdeineh.

“I asked several people at Gunston Hall about what they knew about the people who worked there and did independent research into the time period, what people wore, and how that was represented in artwork,” Ashby said.

By December 2022, Ashby said the portraits, which she created on her iPad using the application Procreate, were ready for Gunston Hall’s Christmastide event.

“Katherine Ashby was just delightful to work with,” said Rebecca Martin, director of education and guest experiences at Gunston Hall. “She understood immediately what we were trying to accomplish and was so willing to come and visit, to see what we were doing, and to try and make the illustrations do the very best job.”

“We hope [visitors] find [the portraits] to be compelling,” Martin said. “We find them to be so.”

Bringing Ideas to Life

Ashby, who was born in Dallas, Texas, and lives in Fredericksburg, Virginia, said she hopes to become a concept artist, bringing to life the visions of directors, authors, curators, and others with big ideas.

“I settled on painting [as a major] because the required courses really build up to artistic knowledge and technique that is required to be the efficient communicator of someone else’s ideas,” she said.

Ashby believes Mason’s School of Art has helped her grow professionally.

“[Chawky Frenn] is an intense professor, but his standards really push you to a whole new level,” she said.

Ashby said she also appreciated comprehensive art history courses taught by Heather McGuire, and how Paul Zdepski gave her a framework for her navigating professional interactions as an artist.

“I believe Katherine exhibits the needed drive to work within the arts for a lifetime,” said Zdepski, who told Ashby about the opportunity at Gunston Hall and encouraged her to submit her portfolio.

“Katherine’s time management abilities, while executing amazing work, places her ahead of many artists out there,” Zdepski said. “The fact that she is able to take up a huge project with a fixed deadline and deliver on-time, if not ahead of schedule, establishes her mystique among those she’s worked with.”

Ashby's depiction of an enslaved woman tending a fire at Gunston Hall.

A New Perspective on History

“What I’m most proud of with this project is representing an aspect of history that’s discussed to an extent, but perhaps not dwelled on,” Ashby said. “It was gratifying to contribute to that dialogue, and it meant I got to think more about this dialogue as well.”

Ashby's depiction of an enslaved man dressed in livery at Gunston Hall.

That included critically assessing which lens we use to understand history, she said.

The experience also put into perspective what Ashby had studied in art theory classes on the importance of curation, how works are displayed and what that communicates to the audience, she said.

At Gunston Hall, that depiction is matter-of-fact.

“[When you walk in, you’ll see] a depiction of enslaved people working while other people are celebrating,’” Ashby said. “I think that casual depiction is important.”

“This was their life,” she said. “And there’s not really anything we can do about it, except see it for what it was and build upon that for the future.”

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College of Visual and Performing Arts (CVPA)

Enslaved People of George Mason Memorial

Podcast - Wendi Manuel-Scott and George Oberle: The enslaved people of George Mason

khanse2 — Fri, 07 Feb 2020 20:02:09 +0000

Podcast - Wendi Manuel-Scott and George Oberle: The enslaved people of George Mason khanse2 Fri, 02/07/2020 - 15:02

In This Story

John Hollis

Host John Hollis speaks to Mason’s Wendi Manuel-Scott and George Oberlie about the lives and culture of the slaves at Gunston Hall, and the Enslaved People of George Mason memorial being constructed on Mason’s Fairfax Campus.

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